Blog 11.1 Table J and the Activity Series of Metals

Blog Questions:

• The nitrate ion is known as a spectator ion because nitrate ion exists as a reactant and a product in the chemical equation and it doesn't participate in the reaction.
•  In the reaction between magnesium and silver solution , Magnesium was oxidized and Silver was reduced.

Metal X wouldn't react with metal Y+2 because if a two metal system is set up, the higher up metal in table J will lose electrons to the lower metal ion.

The activity series given on table J, lists metals in order of decreasing reactivity. In each period on the reference table, metallic character of elements decreases as we move to the right. Element to the left have a pronounced metallic character while those to the right have a non-metallic character. Conversely, non-metallic character increases from left to right.

The Most reactive metals or nonmetals are on top of the chart in table J and the least active metals or non metals are in the bottom of the table.

Because gold, copper, and silver were discovered so long because they're the least active metal based on table J. The other were find later because those elements are above H2 are prone to oxidation in the air, and therefore unlikely to be found in pure form on the Earth's surface.

Copper ore was mixed with charcoal and Iron ore in a pit fumace. The Charcoal was fired to reduce the copper ore to copper. The iron ore formed a "slag" with e.g., the silica. It was a lucky happenstance that the Iron Ore and the Copper Ore occurred together. Without the iron ore to "flux" the slag, it would have been difficult to separate the liquid copper from the solid slag. After firing, the slag was drained off into a pit, and the copper was then removed from the furnace.

The copper and tin were melted in a crucible to form the bronze. The high temperatures were achieved using foot bellows to blow air into the fire. The foreman (inset) does his bit by stirring the melt to homogenize the bronze.

Enrichment:

In film developing, photographic developer (or just developer) is a chemical that makes
the latent image on the film or print visible. It does this by reducing the silver halides that have been exposed to light to metals of elemental silver in the gelatine matrix. As a generalization, the longer a developer is allowed to work the greater the degree of reduction of the silver halide crystals to silver and therefore the darker image.

Blog 10.1 Solubility and Curves

• 10.2 Section 

1. Salt, Sugar, and Methanol those samples are polar because they dissolve in water.
2. Wax, Acetone and Lighter Fluid those samples are non-polar because they don't dissolve in water.

From the data, i can conclude that Ethanol is less polar than water, because most of the samples when we added ethanol on them only one of the sample was soluble and the rest were insoluble.

I wouldn't expect ethanol to dissolve in water, and the same thing with hexane. After trying i conclude that Ethanol will dissolve in water. Hexane doesn't dissolve in water, water is a polar molecule, while hexane is a non-polar molecule " Like Dissolves Like".

• NH3

Type Of molecule: Polar Bond

Solubility in water:  Yes

Solubility in Hexane: No

• I2

Type of molecule: Non-Polar

Solubility in water: No

Solubility in Hexane: Yes

• HCL

Type of molecule: Polar Bond

Solubility in water: Yes

Solubility in Hexane: No

Ionic materials dissolve in water because the dipole characteristic of water molecules attract + and - ions pulling them apart/dissolving them. Hexane is a non-polar molecule so there's not that kind of attractions.

Enrichment:

Oxygen will not really dissolve, CO2 will dissolve a lot and Nitrogen electronegativity is less than Oxygen electronegativity which mean not a lot of Nitrogen will also dissolve. Aquatic animals such as fish  exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across the land animals have flourished so well that in part, because they are able to take. Aquatic animals use oxygen that is already dissolved in the water around them.

• 10.2 Section 

Temperature, Surface area and stirring are factor that affect how fast something dissolves. The higher the temperature, the more particles will attract each other and the more there's going to be collisions between them, the substances will dissolve faster. Surface area does relate to this if you for example have something solid you break into pieces it will dissolve faster than living it as a big chunk and putting it in water.

Unsaturated means that a solution contain less solute than the saturated solution, the term saturated means the solution is holding as much solute it can have, the max, the term supersaturated means that the solution holding more than the max. The solution was saturated at 100 degree Celsius and the solution was unsaturated at 0 degree Celsius.

Enrichment:

Rock Candy is commonly formed by allowing a supersaturated solution of sugar and water to crystallize onto a string or some other surface suitable for crystal nucleation. Heating the water before adding the sugar allows more sugar to dissolve and thus produces larger crystals. Crystals form after several days. Food coloring is often added to the mixture to produce colored candy well as flavoring.

Stressing Out Equilibruim Le Chatelier's Principle

1. When we added HCl to the system and heated it up, the system shifted to the right because the heat was on the reactants side.
2. When Delta H is negative it indicate a Exothermic Reaction, When Delta H is positive is indicate an Endothermic reaction.
3. Table F says that when Cl -1 ion is combined with Ag +1 ion it forms an insoluble compounds.

• Since Cl reacts which Ag with is part of AgNo3, it pulled out the reaction and made the reaction shift to the left.
• By adding AgNo3 we increased the ion concentration of No3 and we predicted that the system was going to shift to the right but it eventually shifted to the left.

Station Three Processing Questions:

When the system is closed, the solution is at equilibrium which means that the system is going back and forward and the pressure is increasing  and there's no formation of bubbles because they end up shrinking. But when you open the system,the amount of pressure decrease and the bubble appear bigger because gas is being released.

Enrichment:

Questions:

• What gas do chickens pant out?

The chickens pant out Carbon Dioxide.

• When the [CO2]  decreases, which way does equilibrium shift?

Equilibrium shift to the right.

• When the equilibrium shifts, what happens to the amount of the CaCo3(s) ( the egg shell) that's is produced?

The egg shells are stronger.

• Explain why panting results in thinner egg shells.

When the chicken pants, the equilibrium is perturbed by the rapid loss of carbon dioxide. Because this effect cascades through all of these equilibria, the effect is a loss of solid calcium carbonate, which ultimately produces  weaker egg shells.

• What change could farmers make to assure thicker egg shells in hot water? How does this change take advantage of Le Chatelier's principle?

Farmers should make their chickens lay eggs inside in hot weather so that the sun will not easily or frequently    be broken. It will takes advantage of Le Chantelier's  principle because the equilibrium will be disturb.

Blog 9.1 Heat Of Fusion ( Delta H) Using Table I

1. My solution was Endothermic because the water got cold, so the energy flew from the air to the water with the solution.

2. The Possible source of errors could have been that the water got so hot that some evaporated, so since some evaporated it probably affected the mass.

3. If the room temperature was 10degree colder, i don't think i was going to affected the number of moles because the water wasn't going to evaporated which would keep the mass the same.

    Enrichment:

   Farmers spray water on the oranges so they can freeze them to prevent damage. When water freeze it turns into ice, heat is released through the heat of fusion. A gallon of water releases about 300kcal of heat as it freezes. However water is also evaporating in the atmosphere.The evaporation of water cause a loss of about 2,300kcal per gallon of water evaporated. Therefore to provide heat to the orchard, more water must freeze than evaporates.So 7.5 times water must freeze more than that which evaporates.

    

    

Blog 8.1 Hydrocarbon properties and uses.

• Crude oil is the term for unprocessed oil , the stuff that come out of the ground, it's a mixture of many hydrocarbons that have different numbers of carbon atoms.  Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain Hydrogen and Carbon and come in various lenghts and structures , from straight chains to branching chains to rings. 

• To begin the separation process, the crude oil is heated to about 400 degree celcius in a furnace, causing many of the hydrocarbons to vaporize. Distillation is the physical property that we use to do the separation.

• As a molecule size goes up, the attraction between the molecules will be strong which causes a high boiling point.The Boiling point of Methane will be low compared to the Boiling point of something large with 30 C's or more.

• The refining process used to extract particular components out of  "crude oil ".

The various components of crude oil have different sizes,weights and boiling temperatures; so the first step is to separate those components. They have different boiling point so they can be separeted easily by a process called fractional distillation. These are the steps:

1. You heat the mixture of two or more substance ( liquid ) with different boiling point to a high temperature.
2. The mixture boils, forming gases; most substance go into the vapor phasee.
3. The vapor enters the bottom of the long column that is filled with trays or plates. The trays have many holes or bubble caps in them to allow the vapor to pass through.
4. The vapor rises in the column.
5. As the vapor rises through the trays in the column it cools.
6. When a substance in the vapor reaches a height where the temperature of the column is equal to that substance's boiling poin, it will condenses to form a liquid.
7. The trays collect the various liquid fractions.
8. The collected liquid fractions may pass to condensers , which cool them further , and then go to a storage tanks, or they may go to another areas for further chemical processing.

Lab 7.2 Periodic Trends Activity

The heaviest elements in a period have the smallest radii because as you go across a period from left to right , the elements have more protons, forcing a much stronger pull on the electron shells toward the nucleus, making the radius smaller. The heaviest elements have smaller radii because they have more protons, which makes the pull stronger.

As you go down a group the electronegativity decreases, because as you go further down the list of elements in a grou, the element gains more metallic characteristics. The more mettalic an element is the more likely is it to lose electrons. When elements are larger in size they have a lower electronegativity because it has more shells and since more shells make it father from the nucleus, it lessens the attraction of the electrons.

As you go from left to right on the periodic table, the ionization energy increases. This is because metals are more likely to lose electrons than non-metals. As you move right on the periodic table, the elments start to gain non-metals characteristics , which makes it harder to lose electrons because they normally gain electrons.

The trends are reffered as periodic because trends are repeated periodically or at regular intervals.

Lab 7.3 Reactivity of Metals.

Lab Questions. 


Do Elements that are in the same Period or those that are in the same Group have more similiraties in their properties ? 

Elements that are in the same Group have more similiraties in their properties, because of their valence electrons and also during the lab i made some observation of the element that were in the same Group. K & Na are from Group 1 on the periodic table during the lab i observed 5 similarities between them.

• Float in water.
• Exothermic reaction.
• Reaction with water is fast.
• Produce gas.
• Reaction with air is fast.

thats how i concluded that elements that are in the same Group have more similarities than elements that are in the same Period.

Elements in the same group tend to have very similar properties because they have the same valence electron for example in Group 2 Be electron configuration is 2-2, Mg electron configuration is 2-8-2 they both have the same valence electron which is 2.  I grouped K & Na because they valence electron is 1 and during the experiment i made similar observation about both of them which means they must have similar properties.

When an aton of sodium atom interacts with an aton of a nonmetal it will.

• Loses electrons
• Be a positive ion 
• The charge will be +1
• It will become like the noble gas Neon
• More stable.

Enrichment:

When you mix NaCl and Cacl, it produces 99% of pure sodium metal, which is what chemists use as pure Sodium. Obviously you need to have the right amounts in order to do so.

Lab 7.1 Flame Tests and Emission Spectra

1. An element spectra is often called its fingerprint because every element has its own unique spectrum,when an electron return to ground state from the excited state, light is emitted at specific frequencies. Spectra lines are like an element's fingerprint. They are unique and can be used to identify the element.An atom in the excited state is unstable and will immediately emit the energy in the form of light as electrons return to the ground state. The excited state configuration of an atom has the same number of electrons as the ground state.
2. When an element is changing from ground state to an excited state, the electrons absorb energy and move to higher energy levels. Shortly after, the electrons return to a lower energy level and release energy. As this happens the Bright-line spectra is formed. This is based off of specific frequencies that the element's electrons had given off. 

Enrichment:
The origin of the element Helium involves Greek mythology. It is named after the God of the sun, Helios.
A red shift happens when increased wavelengths of light bounce off of objects, or shifted to the red side of the spectrum. A blue shift happens when decreased wavelengths of light bounce around and it becomes shifted towards the blue side of the spectrum. Because of the increasing wavelengths in red shifts, the distances of objects get much larger. Edwin Hubble proved that there are galaxies other than our own. He also discovered that the degree of the redshift observed in the light spectra from other galaxies increased in proportion to another galaxy's distance from earth. This helped establish the fact that the universe is expanding.

Lab 6.1 Double Replacement Reactions.

No, all my predictions werent accurate. The one that didnt match were Potassium Chromate with Potassium Iodide, Copper Chloride with Potassium Iodide, Copper Chloride with Silver nitrate and Potassium Iodide with Silver Nitrate. I think for the first trial i didnt match up because when they were put together, the thing that was formed was already present and for the other trials i think it was just because of a bad prediction that we made while figuring out which one was the solube/Insoluble. I wasnt able to figure out the trials that had results that didnt match with the prediction because alot of my trials didnt match up with the prediction.

Steps to write a double replacement reaction :

• First, Figure out the charges on each of your ions, the charge must equal zero when you add them.

 Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI (aq) ---> the charge will be Pb = +2, NO3 = -1, k = +1, I = -1.

• Then,do the double replacement to find products and write their formulas

 Pb(NO3)2 + KI (aq) ---> K(NO3) + PbI2

• Figure out which is your precipitate using Table F 

 Pb(NO3)2 (aq) +  KI (aq) --->  K(NO3) + PbI2 (s) 

•  Balance the reaction 

Pb (NO3)2 (aq) + 2 KI (aq) ---> 2 K(NO3) (aq) + PbI2 (s)

5.1 Rates of Reaction

In this experiment we started by making a plan , first we listed the variables that affect the rate of reaction. Temperature, Surface area/Pressure and Concentration of reactant are the variables that we identified, The Higher the temperature the more collisions between the reacting particles and cause the reactions to move faster, also a higher concentration leads to more collisions which increases the rate of reaction and the high surface area lead to more collisions between the reacting particles.For the first test we used 1-2 crushed tablet for every 20 ml of water at Room temperature degree Celsius. For each test we only changed one variable ( either temperature, concentration of the vinegar and non crushed/crushed tablet) it was important to change one variable at the time because if we changed all of them at the same we will not have accurate result of the experiment.If you change all the variables at the same you will not be able to see how one variable affected the experiment because you will have nothing to compare it again.

In the experiment one of the variable that we changed was the rate of the concentration of the vinegar , the temperature of the vinegar and the amount of tablet that was crushed and it influence the rate of the reaction.The less concentrated the solution of vinegar and the water was the more time it took for the reaction to occur,this occured because when you decrease concentration the less collisions you will have. When we changed the temperature of the vinegar the time of reaction also changed, when the temperature was low it took more time to react but when the temperature was high it went faster because the particles are colliding more. The last one was based on the tablet being crushed or non-crushed, the more crushed the alka-seltzer was crushed the less time it took to dissolve in the water because it had a high surface area which make the reaction goes faster and the particles collide more. All of our predictions that we made were correct.

A real life example of Catalyst is Enzyme. Enzymes are protein that increase the rate of reaction.Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy , an example of this is biological cleaning powders are used to break down stains on clothes.