Lab 4.2 Heating and Cooling Curves Of Lauric Acid.

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Based on Jake Eggleston and Nate Gillian's data the melting point of Lauric acid is 46 degree from the above graph and the Freezing point of Lauric acid from the second graph is  also 46 degree the two values are the same. To determine the Melting point of Lauric acid on the Heating curve of Lauric acid i looked at the lowest x value on the graph and they were constant so i figure out that it was the melting point and i kind of did the same thing on the second graph to figure out the freezing point on the cooling curve of Lauric acid.

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Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has because of his motion . Kinetic energy increases during the heating curve when it's at the solid phase and liquid phase and also gas, Kinetic energy decreases in the cooling curves in the steam cools, also as the solid cools and at the condensation point  .The Potential Energy is the energy that is stored in a material, the amount of which is determined by the structure of the particles and/or their positions relative to each other. Potential energy increases in the heating curve at the melting, vaporization state and the potential enery decreases in the cooling curves as the gas system condenses to the lquid phase and at the freezing point liquid water loses potential energy as bonds form to hold molecules in fixed positions in the solid state.

Enrichment :

The actual melting point of lauric acid is 44'c. We found that the melting point of Lauric Acid was 46 degrees. The percent error was 4.45%. This could have been because when we were doing our experiment we didnt stir the Lauric enough. Latric Acid is often used for soaps and shampoos. It's in soaps and shampoos because it helps dissolve fats.It helps shampoos remove grease from your hair to make it look good.

Blog 4.1 Fun with Air Pressure

1. A decrease in pressure causes the volume of a balloon to increase. Because more molecules are bouncing inside of the balloon rather than outside, which inflates the walls of the balloon. The volume of the balloon won't stop increasing until the molecules bouncing inside and outside the balloon are equal.
2. Adding more gas to a bottle will increase the pressure in that bottle. Because When additional gas are added to the bottle, since there are more molecules in the bottle , they bounce around more than outside,increasing the pressure. 
3. As the volume of a cylinder is increased the pressure will decrease. When the volume of an object is increases, there is more area for the molecules to float around before they hit a wall.Since they have more room to float,the walls will be hit less than if the volume was smaller, therefore a decrease in the pressure.
4. Increasing the pressure in a tire by adding more gas will cause the volume to increase.When gas is added to a tire,more molecules are bouncing around inside. The pressure would then increase because the walls of the tire are bounced off of more often. 
5. As the temperature of a closed container of water is increased the amount of water vapor above the water causes an increase in vapor pressure. At the higher temperature you heat the water, the more water vapor will be produced. Since there's more vapor as the temperature increases, there will be a higher pressure as well.
6.  As the air pressure above a liquid is increased by adding more air, the boiling point of the liquid will remain the same. If air is blown above the liquid, the molecules in the air will bounce around in all directions. They will venture away from the liquid. if any molecules bounced off the liquid , the boiling point wouldnt have changed much.
7. If a ballon filled with air is taken under water to a depth of 10 feet,  it's volume will increase. The molecules in the air inside of the ballon will be rapidly boucing around,while low,if any,movement of molecules in water would be much too slow, hitting th balloon's exterior less. The ballon will then shrink.
8.  The temperature of a beaker of boiling water will increase as more heat is added. The heat is energy, and when more of it is put inside of the water, the temperature will increase.
9. Hot air rises because it is less dense the cold air around it. The molecules in a cold air have a stronger attraction than the molecules in hot air, and since the cold air doesnt have as much mobility as the hot ait it sinks to the bottom.
10. When heated, the volume occupied by air in ballon will increase.  The molecules will speed up when the balloon will be heated, therefore making the molecules bounces off the walls more.  As the walls are being bounce off of, the ballon expands.

               

Blog 3.2 Propreties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds.

•  The General properties of Ionic Compounds. 

Hardness : Hard
Melting point : High
Conductivity: Ionic compound tend to conduct electricity because they transfer electrons.
Conductivity in H20 : Yes

•  The General properties of Covalent substances.

Hardness: Soft
Melting point : Low
Conductivity: Covalent substances lack the ability to conduct electricity because they share electrons.
Conductivity in solution:No

The type of element that combine to form ionic compound are element non-metal and metal element and when they bond they transfer electrons. Non-metals tend to gain electrons and Metals tend to lose.

The type of element that combine to form  covalent bond are non-metals and non-metals and when they bond they shared electrons and those shared electron form a stable structure or compound.

Covalent compound tend to lack the ability to conduct electricity  as a solid or in a solution because covalent compound share electrons , therefore there's no positive charges , so no electricity can be conducted.

Ionic substances conduct electricity in solution but no as solids because they transfer electrons,and this cause them to have positive charges. However when Ionic substances are solid they cannot conduct electricity because they're not moving , so no electricity is being conducted.


Enrichment
Gatorade advertise that they contain electrolytes because In addition to water and sugar, Gatorade drink have electrolytes in the form of sodium and potassium. Electrolytes help maintain fluid balance throughout competition.In addition to keep fluid levels balanced, sodium,potassium and chloride ions create electrical impulses that enable cells to send message back and forth between themselves so you can see, think,move, and perform all the bio electrical  that you take for granted. The electrolyte substance used by the body is salt.

Lab 3.1 Modeling Of Molecules.

1. The attraction between ions is stronger Al₂O_{3 which is an ion melt  at} 2072^oC  _{Which is a higher melting point and they tend to be hard. Also Ions are electrically conductive and very aqueous ( conduct in liquid). Covalent bond are typically soft, have low melting point and aren't electrically conductive.}
2. _{The process of melting is a physical change so when HCL molecules are melted we will still have HCL because nothing new was formed and when physical change occur the original material can generally be recovered.}
3. _{Ionic compounds can conduct electricity because they transfer electrons , and this cause them to have positive charges. However when Ionic compounds are solid they cannot conduct electricity because they're not moving, so no electricity is being conducted.}
4. _{Molecular substances lack the ability to conduct electricity in either solid or liquid form because molecular substances share electrons, therefore there's no positive charges, so no electricity can be conducted.} 

Blog 2.2 Bag of Ions & Periodic Table Activities.

The Periodic table is a grid made of Rows ( or periods ) that proceed horizontally from left to right across the table, members of the same period have the same energy levels. The grid is also made of Columns ( or groups)  which represent groups or families on the table that proceed vertically ( from top to bottom ) , members of the same column have the same number of valence electron and also have similar chemical properties are found in the same group.

The similarity between an atom and an ions of the same element is that they have the same number of protons and symbol.

Ions and atom of the same element are also different, an ion is an element that has lost or gained electrons while atoms stay the same and have the same number of protons and electrons.

Ions forms when an element wants to have 8  for valence electrons or lose one to be an octet. 

You can predict the charge on an ion by looking at the valence electrons which is the last number in the electron configuration and also based on the location of the element in the periodic table. If the electron configuration is 2-8-8-2, the ion will lose 2 to be an octet which mean the new electron configuration will be 2-8-8.

Lab 2.1: Grouping of Elements

1. In the periodic table consists of 8 groups: metals, non-metals, noble gas, mettaloids, alkali metals, transition metals, alkaline earth metal and halogens. In my lab i classified Carbon, Phosphorus and Sulfur as non-metals and also classified Aliminum, lead and tin as metals. And the last one that i did was Silicon which i classified as a mettaloids.
2. The four properties that we tested in our lab were appearance, Electrical conductivity, Crush test and Reactivity with acid. Appearance has a physical property because you can figure out if the element if dull or shiny just by looking at it and it won't make a chemical change. Electrical Conductivity has a physical property as well because there was no new substance formed. In order to figure out the hardness of an element you had to conduct a crush test in order to find its malleability, which as well has a physical property because it only increase the surface area of the element,its not creating anything new.The reactivity with acid has a chemical property because reactions occured and new substances formed.  
3. Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals,so they can normaly be ruled as both.Or just metalloids,the only element we tested in this lab and considered a metalloid was Silicon. the name and symbol of all metalloids. B = boron, Si= silicon, Ge=  germanium, As= arsenic, Sb= antimony, Te= tellurium, At= astatine. 
4. When you look at the periodic table of elements,  and our lab you can see that as you go from left to right the elements become less metallic, and as you go from top to bottom the elements become more mettalic.  As you proceed from elements near to the top you can see that they're more metallic and as you go near the bottom of the periodic table they become less metallic.
5. One of the elements that has a symbol that doesnt correlate with his name is Gold. The symbol of Gold is Au. There's no a in Gold or either a u. No need to fear, there's a reason for this,  it's because Gold recieved the symbol Au from the latin name for gold, aurum, which translate to " shining dawn " in english.

Lab 1-1 Green stuff

In this lab we had to make observation about a green thing which is Copper Chloride before we add things to it to see what will happen. That was the first procedure we had to do on the lab. The Green stuff looked like was green,looked like sand and had like little woods in it. When we added the water to it we used a beaker and added 25ml of water. The water turned blue, there was a green spot at the bottom and the green stuff was dissolving when we were stirring that's a physical change.When we dropped the green stuff on aluminum foil, it started bubbling, the foil turned black and the green stuff became solid. when we teared the aluminum paper in piece and we put it in the container that had the green stuff on it , the aluminum foil burned, it was bubbling,vapor was coming out and you could smell something.

In this lab i determined that the properties of the green stuff is physical because the color changed, when i stirred the green stuff into water it dissolved that's a physical change. I didn't go through chemical change.In this lab the solid were the tiny pieces of aluminum foil, the liquid was the water and the solution. The gas was the vapor that was coming out when the chemical started to steam and bubble.

The material relates to what we have done in class because at the beginning of the year. You did a demonstration of the balloon in each different phases and when you put it next to the heat the balloon pop.One question that i had while doing this lab was, if we add another thing instead of water in the chemical is the color of the thing will still change ? will  the aluminum foil still bubble ?

Enrichment.
 what will happen if  you add Copper (ll) Chloride to Zinc ? will it react ?
 Result :
Zn + CuCl2 --> ZnCl2 + Cu
displacement reaction
solution turns from blue to colorless. pink solid observed.

Lab 1-3 Separation of a Mixture

In this Lab we had to do a mixture of sand,salt, and iron and the total mass of the mixture of the three things had to be about 50 grams. We used the Electronic balance to measure the mass of each things, we put it into the cup and mix it all together. After that we had to come up with a plan of how to take all of each things out, how to separate all of them. To separate the Iron from the other things we use the magnet to get the iron out because the iron is magnetic, then we put it in the cup and weighed it to get the mass. Then we place the other two sand and salt into a beaker, added water,stir and the salt dissolved. we used a filter paper to filter the sand from the salting water and then we put it into the microwave to dry it. Then the salting water was in a beaker we heated it up and the salt turned back to solid and then we weighed it and we also weighed the sand.

In this lab, the amounts of sand that we had at the beginning was 23.78% (10.52 g), the amount that we recovered was 11.45g. It wasn't equal we probably didn't recover everything when we were filtering the sand from the salting water.For the Iron we had at the beginning 49.71% (22.00g), the amount that we recovered was 22.78g i think its bigger because we might have took some sand out too when we were taking the iron with the magnet or maybe the magnet already had some iron on it, i think if we had did it twice we were not going to have this amount of Iron when we were recovering it.The salt was 26.47%(44.23g) at the beginning and at the end it was 22.78g isn't equal maybe because when we heated it,the mass went down or maybe because it went from a liquid phases to a solid phases.

In this lab,If there was tiny pieces of sand in our Iron what we could have done was take everything off the magnet and put it in the cup and retry again. After we could have try to use our hands to take the little tiny pieces of sand that we could see and try again with the magnet for the last time.Or if there was iron on are magnet we could had used a Ziploc back it was going to help to get the iron off the magnet.

The lab is related to what we're doing in class, because you had to measure the mass, find the %Error,also the % of total which is what we're currently doing in class, mixture and pure substances. The Question that i have is did we did this lab to get better with measurement and solving math problems or to understand how purification work.?


Enrichment :  Steps used for purification of water since water is a chemical.
-Aeration
-Flash mixing
-Flocculation
-Settling
-Filtration
-Additives

Lab 1-2 Indirect measurement

Summary of the experiment:

In this Lab, we had to find to determine the thickness of  three different object : aluminum foil , heavy aluminum paper and a copper wire. We were asked to find our way to determine the thickness of the three objects. We used the formula D= m/v for each tests. We used the References table to find the density and the scale to determine the mass and we plug it the numbers. The thickness of the aluminum foil is less than the thickness of the heavy aluminum paper.

There are limitation when you use the ruler to calculate the thickness of something , with the ruler you can only measure the length and the width of something and you cant find the height that doesn't help much , and with the water displacement you can find the volume of things but sometimes its inaccurate.

Some sources of error can be if you didn't measure the width or length of the object right and another one is if you didn't plug it the number right into the formula. some people tend to do the math wrong that can explain the error in the diameter value.

One problem that i encounter while doing this experiment was i couldn't figure the height of the aluminum foil because the ruler couldn't measure it. To overcome that i used the formula D= m/v to figure out the volume of the aluminum foil when i found the volume i plugged it in the formula v=l.w.h, i already found  the length and the width of the aluminum foil i plugged it that too and put an x for h and i solved the problem and found the height.

Another Experiment you could use is gas mileage.  It's a good example because its like in the experiment, it's something that we can directly measure. However like in the lab we can use the values that we have to figure out the one that we don't have. The values we were able to figure out is how much gas you need and how many miles you can do with that gas.If you're keeping track of how many miles you go ,checked the odometer of your car and how many gas you used. You can divide the number of miles you drove by the number of gallons and you will figure out how many miles you get per gallon.

Mathematical way to figure out which foil gives more value i will first convert the amount of foil in a roll into cm .
Regular foil = 70 cm x 600 cm
Heavy duty  foil = 40 cm x 1500 cm
I will then multiply the amount of foil in roll times the thickness using the formula : v= l.w.h
- Regular foil : 70x600x0.0017 = 71.4 cm3
- Heavy duty foil: 40x1500x0.0023 =  138 cm3
Then use the Volume and divide it by the price
- Regular foil : 71.4  / 5.79 = 12.331
- Heavy duty : 138/ 3.79 = 36.411

The heavy duty gives us more value than the Regular foil.

About Me.

My name is Manuela I was born in Cameroon ( Africa ), English is my 2nd language and i also speak french. I'm a Junior and I'm 15 years old ,maths and science are two of my favorite subject in school, even that sometimes i struggle in those classes i still push myself and do my best. When I graduate from High school i want to go to Sunny Albany School of pharmacy because i want to be a Pharmacist. Albany School of Pharmacy  have a 6 years program so when you get out of the school you are directly a pharmacist.I took Earth Science and Geometry last year and this year i'm taking chemistry because it's one of the class that someone who wants to be a pharmacist should take and my goal is to pass the class with an A+ and also pass the regents with an A+ or A, i learn best when i go home and take a look at what we did in class and read it over. I have 9 siblings 5 brothers and 3 sisters they're all older than me, i just go a little brother who is 13, my mom and my dad live back in Africa and i live here with my uncle. I love soccer, Basketball and Tennis, i wear glasses so the front sit is the best place where i like to be in a classroom so that i wouldn't turn to look at people and i will not be distracted but when you're in the back you see everything in class and you get distracted when you look at what others people are doing.I heard a lot of kids complaining that Chemistry is hard is that true ? But i don't think it's hard students that think a class is hard are the one that doesn't do they work or try their best, hard wok always pay off at the end so i don't listen to them when they say that. I'm in the unity club and RIT step program , the biggest accomplishment in my life was when i had an award for outstanding work throughout the year when i was still an ESL students and i was still learning english. I look forward this year in Chemistry Class and if i like it and work myself through the class without problems but i know i will struggle because if i don't struggle because i get something than I'm not getting it that's how i'm but if i do good in the class i'm definitely taking AP Chemistry next year and i will sometimes need your assistance i hope you will be able to assist me and help me thank you.

Sincerely,

Manuela Namba